Legal Issues

Reframing Non-informational Materials

For there to be good governance in any system, there is need for the parties that are involved talk. This should apply to all the leaders be it a leader in an organization or a leader in a state. There is need for dialogues among these people who are involved as this is the only way that good decisions will be made. In addition, with different views from different people, it will be possible to come up with a better solution to the problem that needs to be solved. A good leader is one who is always ready to listen to what other people have to say on the plan that needs to be implemented. (Benjamin, 2009)

In this case therefore, it would be a great idea that the governor makes a number of consultations to different people before implementing her ideas. Even though they may be great ideas, it is advisable that she gets the real situation as it is in the field. It is necessary that she consults all those people that are in the fields that are involved.

Among the major persons that she should consult are the persons who are the head of the criminal justice systems and all the other departments that will be involved. The reason is that these people are the ones who are actually involved in the correctional activities and this is the field that she wants to make some changes. This means that these are the people who actually know the real activities that take place on the ground. This means that they are the ones who actually know whether the project or the developments will have positive of negative effect to the entire criminal justice system. (Paul, 1999)

In addition, because she plans to change some of the policies in the criminal justice system such as reducing some sentences, it would also be advisable that she seeks some advice from the policy makers. These are the people who make policies depending on the intensity of the criminal activities that needs to be implemented. They are therefore the ones who are sure of the effect that reducing these sentences will have to the society. They are also at a better place in offering the governor advice on her developments. (Benjamin, 2009)

Among the people that should be appointed in her task force are the head of all those areas that will be affected by her development. This is because they are the ones who are well informed of the problems or challenges that might arise due to these developments. They also have the back ground information concerning what needs to be done so that better results can be realize. In the same task force, the governor should include some of those cabinet ministers who were supporting her and those from the other parties. This is because, these are the same people that she would use in her next campaign and therefore, being in the task force makes them have a good base for the governors next elections. (Shafritz, 2008)

To these individuals that the governor wants to serve in the task force, she should use a soft and encouraging language. She should use statements such as It is time for change in our systems or Let us embrace change in this era. Such types of statements would make these individuals believe that indeed the governor just wants to have some change in the system and that it has nothing to do with her re-election. In addition, they will give their best in the task force and they will not feel as if they are being used by the governor. However, the governor should use a very friendly and formal language and where possible, she should personally request each and every one of these individuals for their participation in the task force. However, the governor should summon each one of them to her office as this would be more official and eliminate any doubts that the governor has some personal plans in it. (Paul, 1999)

However, she should approach these people differently. For the members of cabinet who happen to support her in the elections, she should give them information in full. She should tell them that apart from the change being better for the society, this is their strategy of the next election. She should tell them about it in a partys private meeting as this would be more convenient. However, to the rest of the groups which are involved, she should only tell them about the need for change. This should be strictly on official meetings which have not extra businesses.

The governor should deliver this message to the public through a press conference using the media. However the wording should be informal where the media personality may be allowed to ask questions. The governor should have a metaphor or rhetoric questions with the theme of the development such as Recession Eviction time is now where she should talk about increasing the revenues without having to increase taxes. She can also use other rhetoric such as How do we eliminate criminal activities and reduce long sentences Or she may use rhetoric such as How do we become number one crime free state in the world (Paul, 1999)

The governor may expect some tough questions from the media personalities such as whether this has something to do with the next elections strategies. She should maintain that the main aim for this is to ensure that there is good leadership and that every person lives in peace and have a better life. Using the comments that the governor gets from the media and the reaction from the public, she should be able to assess whether it is necessary to go ahead and have the task force. In case there is sharp negative reaction from the public, she should try to come up with some other strategies and forget about this one.

There may be some barriers to communication that may arise from the different people who are selected in the task force. One of the barriers will arise from the rank. There may be a problem with the relationship between the cabinet members and those heads of different groups. Sometimes they will have different views and it may be very difficult for them to communicate especially where some members feels shortchanged. For instance, the cabinet members may not easily take advice from the criminal justice official and this may create a big problem in implementation of ideas. This can be solved by the head of the task force by making all the members of the task force to have equal rights and spelling out clearly the main reason for the task force so that they can base their arguments on that. (Shafritz, 2008)

If the task force happens to create a plan, these principles should be presented to the operational staff in form of a report which should have all the details together with the recommendations. These operational staff should be given about two years to put the recommendations into practice. Some of the barriers to communication that may arise between the task force members and the levels of the policy makers revolve around the methods that would be used to implement the principles. The task force may have difficult time trying to convince the policy makers to implement the principles their way. (Benjamin, 2009)
In conclusion, due to this, lack of enough information on implementation of this principle may be termed as the major barriers to communication. Administrative issues will also pose as the general barriers to communication as most of the departments would like to act on their own while the task force will require them to follow a certain schedule. There is need for the governor to be well prepared as this process or these developments may face a lot of challenges. She should be ready to face and deal with the problems as they arise.

The Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Case raises a number of issues with respect to criminal procedure. The case involves the purported mastermind of a number of terrorist acts including the September 11th, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. If one were to treat the case as a normal criminal procedure in Federal Court, ignoring the enemy combatant or terrorist designation issues, a number of evidentiary issues would arise.
The basis of the case against Mohammed lies in his alleged confession, and a volume of documentary evidence that was taken when his hideout was raided and he was apprehended. According to the verbatim transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for Mohammed, a preponderance of the evidence against Mohammed is circumstantial. His apprehension was accompanied by the seizure of a number of items, including computer hard drives. The hard drives contained, among other items, information about the four flights used in the September 11th attacks including codes, airline names, flight numbers, pilot names and background information, and the names of the hijackers. The drive also contained pictures of the nineteen hijackers. The drive also contained a document that had the pilots license fees for Muhammad Atta (a known September 11th highjacker) and a number of other hijackers. The drive also contained transcripts of a chat session with at least one of the hijackers. While compelling, this evidence is not direct evidence of Mohammeds actual conspiracy with the hijackers. Such direct evidence would feature video or audio recordings of conversations that directly furthered the conspiracy, or, in the alternative a statement by other conspirators implicating Mohammed. Despite popular conceptions, however, circumstantial evidence is as valid in court as direct evidence. Short of confession, there is often little direct evidence connecting an individual to a particular crime, and absent direct evidence, prosecutors often rely on circumstantial evidence. The nature of the evidence in this case may not individually offer proof beyond a reasonable doubt of Mohammads involvement, taken collectively, they offer more than a sufficiency of proof. The caveat in this case is that the evidence located on the hard disk drive would have to be connected directly to the defendant. The only information we have about how it was obtained is that it was seized when the suspect was apprehended. The suspect offered a witness who would make an offer of proof that the residence entered and computers seized did not belong to the defendant. In this hearing, this evidence was disallowed as irrelevant, but in a criminal proceeding, it would be admissible as exculpatory.

With respect to his confession, this was allegedly made to the news organization called Al Jazeera in 2002. The statements made by a defendant against his own interest to a third party that is not subject to privilege, is admissible as incriminating evidence. While the defendant himself cannot be forced to testify against his own interest, statements he made outside of court that tend to prove his culpability are an exception to the hearsay rule as they are considered to be admissions against interest. Mohammad made statements claiming that he was tortured by the CIA in 2003. If duress were used to obtain any evidence, such evidence would be inadmissible under the exclusionary rule, and any evidence obtained as a result of that statement would also be excluded as fruit of the poisonous tree. There is no offer of proof that the suspects incriminated himself during the alleged torture, or that the statements that he made during the Combatants Hearing were in any way coerced. In most criminal proceedings, even the implications of such impropriety would compel a trial judge to exclude the defendants own statements, but given the nature and volume of corroborating evidence, such exclusion would be unlikely in this case.

Another issue with this case, were it treated as a regular criminal trial, is venue. Holding such a trial in the venue in which the attack occurred would lead to enormous difficulties in obtaining a jury of unbiased observers. However, a change of venue within the United States would also be problematic, since the incident had profound emotional impact upon many potential jurors across the nation. Given that the nature of the jury pool is unlikely to be altered significantly by a change in venue, the case is best adjudicated in the jurisdiction where the incident took place.

Given the circumstances and evidence in this case, and the fact that the suspect seems to take pride in the connection he holds to the events, and would therefore be unlikely to refute the evidence on its merits, the likelihood is that he would be found guilty. Since the charge is the murder of almost three thousand people, it is likely that a guilty verdict would lead to a death sentence. In the case that the prosecutors are unable to link the computer evidence to the defendant, and the incriminating statements of the defendant are somehow repressed by the court, it is marginally possible that a jury may find insufficient evidence to convict Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.

Given that possibility, no matter how slim, relying on a regular criminal court to secure a conviction would not be in the best interest of the government to pursue Khalid Sheikh Mohammed as a normal citizen. Having been classified as an enemy combatant is more likely to be subject to military justice. The rules of evidentiary gathering are much vaguer in these types of investigations. According to provisions laid out by executive order, the treatment of enemy combatants does not hold much of the same limitations for prosecution as do those for a regular civilian defendant. Such persons are not entitled to public indictment, filing of criminal charges, right to counsel or independent review of the evidence against him or her. While subsequent high court decisions reversed many of these elements, including the right to counsel and requirement of habeas corpus, at the time of Khalid Sheikh Mohammeds detention and designation as an enemy combatant, these limitations did not exist, nor are they applied retroactively.

Such specific and defendant-friendly rules of evidence have not been applied to enemy combatants. Historically, the civil rights of citizens have been routinely suspended during times of War. Japanese-Americans were interned with no evidence, and denied habeas corpus during WWII. During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln detained U.S. citizens without warrant, evidence or charge to protect Federal Troops moving through Maryland.

    Given the history of American jurisprudence during Wartime, and the evidentiary pattern of the case against Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the better safe than sorry approach would likely be best for prosecuting this individual. The acts that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was responsible for are sufficiently inhumane, brutal, and arbitrary that no sense of justice in the abstract should prevent the United States from exacting a swift and total retribution against him.
Annotated Bibliography

Pereira, C. Chavkin, N. (2008) Habeas Corpus and Enemy Combatants Social Education, Vol. 72 (5) Pg. 236-248.

This article is a review of the legal standing that enemy combatants, or persons so designated between late 2001 and 2005 have been treated in federal court rulings. The article reviews a number of cases addressed by the courts that flowed from complaints filed by various enemy combatants that were denied substantive due process while under incarceration at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. The article notes that a number of citizens who suffered from similar denials of due process during wars, specifically during WWII and the Civil War were found by the courts two have been treated illegally. In the cases mentioned, however, these rulings came well after the fact. Regarding the current war, thee cases reviewed in this article are Rasul v. Bush , Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, Rumsfeld v. Padilla, Hamdan v. Rumsfeld and Al-Marri v. Pucciarelli. These cases, decided between 2004 and 2008, illustrate the evolution of the Courts opinion regarding the treatment of detainees at Guantanamo Bay. In the earlier cases, the Court tended to side with the government in denying habeas corpus and other procedural rights to enemy combatants who were not U.S. citizens, but continued to uphold those rights for U.S. citizens captured in battle in Afghanistan and Iraq. By 2008, however, the Court had balked at administration attempts to remove all enemy combatants from the jurisdiction of Federalk Courts, and in so doing, opened the door for many of these detainees, some who had spent years in incarceration without explanation, a chance to file petitions of habeas corpus. The article is relevant to the examination of the Mohammed case, since Mohammed was designated as an enemy combatant, and his status as such is the subject of a portion of the work above.

Parrini, M. Williams, C. (2005) Enemy Combatants and the Courts Social Education, Vol. 69,(2) Pg. 103-110.

This article examines similar issues to the one presented in the Pereira, C. Chavkin, N. article. Unlike this other article, this work addresses deficiencies in the Supreme Courts rulings on some procedural issues other than habeas corpus with respect to the rights of enemy combatants. Some questions unaddressed by the courts, according to this article, include the time frame, during which a designated enemy combatant may invoke a sixth amendment right to counsel, how long a detainee may be kept without a trial given the indefinite nature of the war on terror, and which courts, military or civilian, have jurisdiction over the status challenges of enemy combatants.

This article does make mention of evidentiary problems associated with the classification of enemy combatants. In this article it is noted that the courts rejected evidence derived from statements that may have been coerced, and has fallen in favor of the totality of such evidence being reviewed by a neutral party.
The article is relevant to the paper about the Mohammed case because it addresses evidentiary issues specifically with respect to enemy combatants, and offers some insight as to whether certain elements of evidence in the Mohammed case would be admissible given his status as an enemy combatant.

Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Review Tribunal for Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (2007) Retrieved December 7th, 2009 from Cable News Network website

As the title suggests, this document puts forth the evidence that was used to designate Khalid Sheikh Mohammed as an enemy combatant. This evidence also serves as the basis of any criminal case against Mohammed for the murders of the civilians in the September 11th, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and other targets in the United States. The document discusses evidence that consists largely of documentation found on a computer in Mohammeds possession at the time of his apprehension. The computer included such details as the flight information of the targeted flights, the names of persons known to be hijackers, photographs of each of the hijackers, documentation of the fees invoked for the pilots licenses for the hijackers, and transcripts of conversations between hijackers. Additionally, the board commented that Mohammed had confessed to the Al-Jazeera news agency in 2002, telling of his masterminding of the 911 plot. The document also notes the panels rejection of certain exculpatory evide3nce, most compelling of which is a wit ness who claimed that the computer containing the vast majority of the evidence obtained, did not in fact belong to Mohammed. This document is relevant to the discussion of the evidence in the Khalid Sheikh Mohammed case as it enumerates most of the evidence that might be heard by a jury in a criminal proceeding.

Weisenberger, Glen (1999) Evidence Myopia The Failure To See The Federal Rules Of Evidence As A Codification Of The Common Law William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 40, (5) pg. 1539-1567

This article, while primarily a discussion of the status of the f4ederal rules of evidence as a statutory construction, enumerates and evaluates many components of the rules of evidence. Included   in this discussion is the use and application of the exclusionary rule, and hearsay. Hearsay and its exceptions are an area of particular emphasis. The article discusses admission against interest, dying declaration and other circumstantial exceptions to the hearsay rule. It also lays out the guidelines denoted in the federal rules of evidence for the exclusion of evidence obtained in violation of due process. These discussions are relevant to the topic of the paper because they can be applied to the fact pattern of the Khalid Sheikh Mohammed case in order to judge the admissibility of the evidence at hand against Mohammed.

Research the CourtsA Study of the Court System in the State of Georgia

This brief paper discusses the federal and state court systems in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and finally concludes by upholding the need for such a dual court system.
Court Structure In The State of Georgia

This paper discusses the structure of the federal court and the state court systems in the State of Georgia. The capital of Georgia is Atlanta, and that is where most superior courts are situated.

A.    Federal Court Structure
    There are three federal court districts in the State of Georgia Northern District of Georgia (N.D. Ga.), Middle District of Georgia (M.D. Ga.) and Southern District of Georgia (S.D. Ga.). While the Northern District, headquartered at Atlanta serves forty-six counties, and is divided into four divisions, the Middle District, headquartered at Macon serves sixty-nine counties and is divided into seven divisions. The Southern District is headquartered at Augusta, serves thirty-four counties and is divided into six divisions.
    The appeals from these District Courts are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (11th Cir.), which is also located in Atlanta. In addition to hearing appeals from the District Courts of Georgia, the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit is also the federal court of appeals for the federal districts in the states of Alabama and Florida.
    Appeals from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit are heard by the Court of last resort for federal matters the Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington D.C.

B.    State Court Structure
    The state Courts in Georgia are arranged circuit-wise. The State is divided into 49 judicial circuits. The Georgia Trial Court system is composed of a number of courts, depending on the pecuniary interest involved in civil matters or the gravity of offence in criminal matters. For example, the Magistrate Courts have original jurisdiction over all civil claims of 15,000 or less and certain minor criminal offences. Superior Courts in Georgia exist circuit-wise and serve as the backbone of the trial court system in Georgia. The Superior Courts have exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters, and general trial court jurisdiction. There is another level between the Superior courts and Magistrate courts called the State Courts which have original jurisdiction over all civil claims, regardless of the amount claimed, unless the Superior Court has jurisdiction over them. The Georgia Trial Court system is therefore the first level in the state court structure in the state of Georgia.
    The appeals from these various trial courts are heard by the Court of Appeals, located in Atlanta, which is a court of general appellate jurisdiction. However, this jurisdiction is limited because matters such as constitutionality of statutes, construction of wills, murder, election contests, habeas corpus and land title disputes, have been excluded from the courts appellate jurisdiction.
    The Supreme Court of Georgia, located in Atlanta, is the highest Court in the State of Georgia. It is the final court of appeal, as also is bestowed with the function of general superintendence of the judiciary and bar in the State of Georgia. Additionally, the Supreme Court may answer any question of law from any state or federal appellate court and may review by certiorari cases in the Court of Appeals which are of gravity or great public importance.

C.    Need for a Dual Court Structure
    The United States Constitution is a federal one. Laws made by the Congress are federal laws applicable to all the states of the United States, whereas laws made by the state legislature are applicable to the State of Georgia alone. Therefore, it becomes imperative to try legal disputes and controversies arising out of those two separate sets of laws by two separate sets of courts. The state judicial system is in a better system to examine the specific needs of the state, and it becomes important that the system is decentralized and made State-specific. The system achieves not only greater efficiency, but the federal structure of the United States is maintained.

GUN CONTROL

I attempt to analyze an article by New York Times columnist Bob Herbert (Kleck) in which he advocates gun control and does so with suitable references and statistical data.
THE ARGUMENTS
Herbert begins his piece with small tit-bits of incidents and news headlines which show how dangerous carrying a gun could be. It is well established that the most prone age towards gun related hazards is childhood and teenage. Apart from that the article doesnt deal much with the adult psychology behind carrying misusing a gun. When he gives the example of Jacob Larson, he makes it clear that it is because of the boys carelessness that the boy dies. Further, all these deathssuicideshomicides happen due to lack of knowledge and lack of guidance. From there he treads on to how America is unconcerned or unperturbed about the horror gun-violence in inflicting on the country. He says that the violence is aggravated due to the widespread availability of guns in the country.
From there, he takes examples of bizarre incidents where mentally unstable people are on a killing spree. He gives example of Phil Spector, who kills actress Lana Clarkson. One needs to understand that he could have killed her through other means as well the non-presence of gun wouldnt have helped much. Of course, Herbert explains this well when he terms guns as easily available.
Again, he takes the example of John Muhammed and Lee Malvo. He makes a strong point here where he says that their least concern was to get a semiautomatic rifle. This makes sense as this is the root of the problem. When we advocate gun-control, what we forget is that there are still places means to get a gun easily.

MOVING FROM HOMICIDES
Herberts gradual progression to the other areas of concern is apt and much needed. The article becomes a bit heavy on homicides and ignorant murders.
His statistical evidence is strong and makes for a gripping point. He says that more than 12,000 people are murdered annually in the U.S.
He interestingly points out that many murders also take place due to shooting by the Police. When such a point is risen, it makes one think about how safe heshe is when the custodian is charged of such a heavy crime. So how does one account to be safe By carrying a gun himself Probably, Herbert wouldnt like the idea at all.
He then takes in stride the issue of medical insurance and expenses. While there are murders happening at one point, there are victims who lead a painful life. This very strongly holds reason for gun-control. But, again one cannot base hisher opinion on such mishaps.

AMBIGUITIES -
He again comes around to advocate for teenagers and childrens death. This seems to me a very microscopic view of the entire issue. Though I agree and understand that children and teenagers are most prone to gunshots and mishaps, there is certain thought which should be given to this area. If it is children or teenagers who are more prone to the evils of the gun, we need to understand the reason why. Clearly the article doesnt delve into the same much. It just moves in roundabout manner to blame how the gun is killing everyone mindlessly. It just becomes a transfer epithet. The people are not blamed much but the steel cold weapon is.

OMMISSIONS -
Undoubtedly, the most important thing to be done is to understand what leads to such incidents and mishaps. One very important issue is the mindset of people. Of course, teenagers and children suffer from great insecurity and problems which lead them to such bizarre step. It is unquestionable that the society has changed, and its due course has made mankind savage and indifferent. This indifference causes major accidents. What Herbert argues for is valid, but owing to his journalism background, he sways too much in favor of facts and figures.

ALTERNATIVES -
Herberts article is something which will raise many eyebrows but then it stops at that. Nothing or nobody will stop these gunfights or mishaps. What is further more interesting is to note that if the widespread availability of guns are restricted, what will happen to civilians If the miscreants know that their victims are helpless, they will continue the killing spree, perhaps more brutally than ever. What is important thus, is to understand that there should be stringent laws, which make a civilian powerful but at the same time more careful. Guns should not be available to everyone. Also the bullets should be licensed and there should be thorough checking system to know where every bullet is going.

Herbert makes a very interesting read, especially when he mentions about the vigilance about shampoos in airports and the carelessness about guns and arms. This article seems a bit heavy on statistics and incidents and a bit weak on reasoning.

Sarbanes–Oxley Act

The Sarbanes–Oxley Act is also referred to as SOX and came into force on 30th July 2002. This was necessitated by many accounting and corporate scandals in United States back then. The main aim of this law was to bring back the trust the Americans had in the corporate sector. This law emphasis that public traded corporation should have large number of board members that oversee the entire transactions and the auditing process in the organization. Although the bill deals specifically with the publicly traded institutions many legislatures feels the need of it to be applied to the non profit organizations (Vancea, 2003_.

The SOX brought in many noticeable changes within these companies, is forced several institutions to make major adjustments within them for compliance. The top executives in organizations are expected to be accountable for the institutions financial data and are subject to prosecution incase of malpractice. Due to this therefore, SOX has become a priority to all publicly traded companies.

Section 302of the act, requires all the CFOs and CEOs of corporations to produce financial statements quarterly and also annually, failure to which they can be prosecuted. Ignoring this exposes them to be fined up to $5 million US dollars or jailed for 20 years. Many companies see this act as an opportunity to use to improve their skills in management and productivity. The problem arises how to use it in order to put the company in a better position in effectiveness and long term success (Recine, 2002). Interestingly, many private companies are adopting this act regardless whether they are bound to comply or not and it has helped to create an atmosphere that is flexible to changes if need arises.

The other critical implication is the requirement for the external auditors and the managements to inform on the accuracy of the company’s internal control. The process is costly for any company to implement. This has forced many companies to computerize their systems and by so doing they have indeed reduced the cost required. Complying with the regulation the smaller companies have been negatively affected because the cost involved is standard to all. This put these smaller companies at risk over the most established one.

In section 1107 of the act it provides the protection of the whistleblowers. It says that anyone who interferes with the whistleblower’s work or their life and proved above reasonable doubt that he is guilty then he will be imprisoned for ten year Whistleblower refers to person, a group, or organization that sees the need to alert or bring to the attention to the people or authorities concerned on issues of malpractice within an institution either internally or externally.

There are procedures to be followed in order to have an effective in whistle blowing in any organization. The entire employee in the organization has to be trained on same of these important aspects of in whistle blowing. The blowers have to be aware of degree of the consequences and the benefits the company will gain as a result. It is also very critical for the whistlers to have absolute proof of their claims above a reasonable doubt. They must also consider the time that will be involved in the process, the less time the better to consider exposing (Kohn, Calapinto, 2004). The whistle blowers have to consider the closeness they have with the victim, a person living some miles away from the victim is better in doing the exposing the victim. It is very important to them weigh the density of the malpractice, analyze it be they consider bring to the attention of the public. . It is advisable for people to whistle blow when an offense is been committed and nothing is do despite reporting to the respective offices. Their loyalty to the organization should be important to them and on top of all that they should be ready to bear the responsibilities of their actions (Lander, 2004). Whistle blowing is an act we should encourage in any organization if done in the right procedure and without heal motives against an individual or an institution.

Should prostitution be legal?

Prostitution is one of the oldest professions in the world today. Its nature involves the exchange of money for sex. Definitely, where money and sex are going hand in hand, there is room for controversies. Prostitution has existed in almost every human culture and has been tolerated both from a legal and a moral perspective. Prostitution is legal in many Western jurisdictions like England, Wales, Denmark and Israel which is better known as the brothel capital of the world. In Asia and Iran, it is not illegal to have temporary wives for some hours (Bezelon, 2008). The main purpose of prostitution is to fulfill the short lived need for a woman and meet the abrupt demands of sex. This concept is basically deemed as a process of creating a feeling of sexual affection to men. Last week, San Francisco passed a legislation decriminalizing prostitution. An opinion poll conducted in San Francisco indicated that over 73% of the population was for prostitution and I also feel obliged to add voice towards legalizing prostitution.

First, I seek for redefinition of prostitution as sex work. Prostitution should be distinguished from other forms of low status labor that women engage in. By legalizing prostitution, the men and women often involved in the prostitution business will no longer be marginalized and classified as vulnerable.

The sex industry which have been in the past been declared as abusive will be classified as an occupation like any other. By so doing, the state will be in a capacity to deal with the unscrupulous individuals who are in the

Legalizing prostitution will ensure that the sex workers will be in a position to acquire the minimum basic standards which other professionals have acquired. Also, I feel that not legalizing prostitution is simply hypocritical. I feel that the sex workers should have a right to do what they want with their bodies and the state should not be involved in consensual sex. In almost all cases, prostitution involves two consenting adults. This implies that the sex industry is a service industry like any other where people exchange their skills from money (ProCom.org, 2009). Thousands of the sex workers are also involved in professional jobs like nursing where they cite that they have done more de-humanizing jobs in nursing than in the sex work. Thus they feel that if the sex business is conducted under regulated conditions then it does not amount to violation. However, the state should protect the sex workers from forced prostitution.

Prostitution has been a career option for many since time immemorial. No law can claim to have controlled the business and none seems to be forthcoming. Also, the industry provides a service which happens to be the most sought after in the world. Thus I feel the government should as well legalize it.

The aws criminalizing prostitution do violate the right to individual privacy of the sex workers. I feel that it is a matter of individual choice to engage in sexual activity for recreation purposes and this does not warrant government interference.

By legalizing the sex trade, the government will be in a better position to regulate the industry and the regular abuses directed to the sex workers will be reduced by a significant margin. The issue of violation of their rights and subjection to police brutality will be a thing of the past. Legalizing prostitution will reduce the brutality and stigma that the sex workers go through in the hands of the misogynists and moralists (Othcet, 2009). By legalizing the trade, the workers will be in a position to enjoy employment and health benefits and they will be in a position to form trade unions as well the co-operatives.

In a more practical approach, legalizing prostitution will benefit both the society and the sex workers. The sex workers will no longer have to hide in odd places rather they will have safe and decent places of work. They will enjoy the basic health services which they are often denied due to the nature of their occupation.

I also feel that by legalizing prostitution, the states would make remarkable achievement in the fight against human trafficking and sexual slavery. This is because all jurisdictions will be in a position to regulate the industry. Drug trafficking will also be a thing of the past within the brothels because there will be close supervision from the relevant boards and the police (Amelia, 2008). This will be possible because the sex workers will be registered.

Another reasoning towards legalizing the trade is that it will reduce the rate of HIV infection. This has been cited as a possible solution to curb HIV spread during the forthcoming World Cup in South Africa. In South Africa, it is estimated that over 50% of the sex workers are infected with the virus. By legalizing the trade, the sex workers will be screened for the virus and they will also be registered with the government. This will ensure better control over the disease because the sex workers will undergo a mandatory test prior to being registered with a regulatory board which will be in charge of supplying condoms to the registered workers. I feel that, this should not only be a solution in South Africa rather it should be applicable to all jurisdictions which value human life.

Legalizing commercial sex will attract professional managers of the once underground brothels. By so doing, the government will be in a position to create employment for the unutilized productive labor force. Recognizing the industry as not different from any other occupation would make it taxable. The taxes would then be used in revamping or reforming the health sector which is currently a priority to a large percentage in the United States (About.com, 2009). At the same time, States have spent much on curbing prostitution I feel it is now time for them to utilize the funds elsewhere other than curbing a trade which is part of each and every one of us from different walks of life.

Also, legalizing the trade would reduce the stigma associated with it. The sex workers would be respected people within the society. Its legalization would also ensure that those who wish to quit from the industry, may be due to age or health related complications are able to fit and interact within the society.

Also, I support the psychologist’s observation that human being tend to be more inclined to do that which is illegal. Similar case has been cited in the legalization of Marijuana in United States. I have the feeling that by legalizing the trade, the industry will eventually be self regulating.
In a nut shell, the benefits that will accrue from legalizing commercial sex outweigh the disadvantages. Going by these numbers, I believe that it is now appropriate to decriminalize prostitution and seek better ways of streamlining the industry.

Company liability for vehicular homicide business law

Company X is a corporation which provides trucking, cargo, freight and logistic services for the delivery of dry goods to and from any point of Massachusetts. It specializes in contract carrier services and storage of food products. It is incorporated under Massachusetts’s laws and its principal office is located in Springfield, Ma. It has 30 branches around the state.

The family owned business started in since 1971with only 6 trucks and expanded after ten (10) years as X. Inc. as it reinvested its resources and upgraded its equipment. Now, the company holds 80 trucks most of it owned and some units through independent contractors in order to provide the leading trucking services in the state. Its numerous branches are equipped with functional warehouses that can accommodate numerous freights and a cold storage for perishable goods.
Facts of the Case:

Company X entered into a contract with a certain Mr. Y for the delivery of 20 tons of cranberry juice from Plymouth, MA to its destination in Lawrence, MA. Mr. A, the manager of X inc. branch in Plymouth is a close friend and old college buddy of Mr. Y. Because Mr. A needed to deliver the said product within 24 hours to Lawrence, he asked Mr. Y to entertain his request and promised to give him part of the profit that he will get if it can be delivered on the agreed time.

Mr. Y agreed to help Mr. A and find a truck that can accommodate his request since it is not within their business practice to accept deliveries in such short notice. He contacted Mr. B a local driver who owns his own truck and does business with Company X. Mr. B accepted a job not knowing that the same was a personal agreement between Mr. Y and A. He undertook the obligation of delivering the said goods, he picked up the goods at Mr. A’s warehouse located in Plymouth and begun to travel at 8:00 pm, Tuesday. On his way in the interstate highway at about 3:30 a.m. one of his tires suddenly burst, losing his control on the wheel. The truck went out of control and hit a little barn in where a man Mr. C was sleeping. Mr. C immediately died because of the crash and the said goods where damaged as it was thrown of the truck.
Mr. C’s heirs is now suing Company X as employer of Mr. B for the death of Mr. C. Mr. Y on the other hand filed a complaint against Company X for the loss of the goods. Mr. B the truck driver was prosecuted for manslaughter for the negligent operation of his vehicle.

Company X denies the claim stating that Mr. A, its manager acted without authority and the said contract in not properly recorded in their business dealings as systematically required in every contract in order to provide proper insurance to the transportation of goods, in addition to that they claim that Mr. B is an independent contractor.

Mr. A on the other hand denies liability and blames Mr. Y for the untimely delivery requested from him. He also refuses that the book of accounts of the Plymouth branch be inspected and enforcing his right against self-incrimination.

Mr. B on the other hand files a claim against Company X through its manager Mr. A, denying that he is an independent contractor since he has been dealing with the said company for continuous deliveries since 2005. He claims that regardless being the owner of his own truck, the company requires his services most of his career and even receives certain benefits from the said company. He also claims that his deliveries are limited by the instructions given by his immediate supervisor who is the company’s employee and reports from time to time to him.
Main Issue: Who is liable for the death of Mr. C and the loss of goods of Mr. Y?
As for the torts and criminal liability, the driver Mr. B is liable and Company X as employer also has vicarious liability. As for the goods the company is not liable and Mr. y entered the contract at his own risk.

Sub-issues:
1. Is the corporation properly formed in order to give it juridical capacity or personality to sue and be sued?
Yes. The corporation can sue and defend themselves in transactions entered upon by their officers and is entitled to due process in the protection of their property.
2. What is the capacity of an officer in entering into a contract for the corporation?
An officer may act as an agent of the company and enter into contracts with third persons provided that they act within their given authority.
3. Is there an employer- employee relationship between Mr. B and Company X?
Yes. The description of Mr. B as an independent contractor is misplaced and is not just limited just because he owns his own truck. Other factors must first be considered in order to determine if he is either an independent contractor or a regular employee.
4. What is the liability of the corporation as to:
the damage of goods?
The corporation is not liable for the damage of goods as Mr. Y entered the contract in bad faith with knowledge that the same was not a valid contract of the company.
Torts and criminal negligence of its agent?
The corporation is liable as the employees principal for having vicarious liability for the acts of its employees within the course of their employment.
IV. Ruling/Discussion

1. A corporation although a mere creature of the law has some rights and privileges as enjoyed by natural persons as provided by law (Miller and Jentz 553). A corporation is considered as a juridical entity, possessing certain rights and privileges as provided in the Bill of Rights. Some of these include the right to sue and be sued and to have access in courts in order to enforce these rights. This includes the right to defend themselves to unscrupulous claims made by third parties against their company in order to protect their interest. In this case Company X has the right to deny liability and to claim its defense of the ultra vires act of its officer or employees. Mr. Y acted outside the scope of his authority when he entered into a contract for secret profit. He is liable in violation of his duty as an officer and will be held accountable for the profits which would have been for the corporation. In this case the money that he received from Mr. A should have been the profit of the company. And the fact that this profit came from acts not within his authority does not change his liability against the corporation and the persons asking for claims (19 Am. Jur. 2d 688-689).

Corporations are also entitled to due process in protection of their right to life, liberty and property as provided in the Constitution. Therefore, this includes their right to unreasonable searches and seizures, though corporations are mere creature of the state they are still entitled to due process and the taking of any of their properties with compensation is protected by the 14th Amendment (Hade vs. Henkel 1906). However although Company X is entitled to due process, it posses a separate personality from its agents especially for ultra vires acts and its agents are not protected against self-incrimination as provided in the case of Braswell vs. U.S. (1988) in connection to business records which may incriminate them. The business records of the Plymouth branch may be inspected in order to provide a better detail of the transaction made by Mr. A. As found in the records there was no undertaking entered by company X and the said contract was entered by Mr. A himself. There is neither negligence on the part of the company for not discovering the “secret contract”, and it must be added that Mr. Y was also aware of the business dealing and even offered to Mr. A a secret profit.

2. Agency relationship is either expressed or implied (Miller and Jentz 453). It is expressed when the relationship of principal and agent is placed upon a written agreement and implied if its done for “what is reasonably necessary to carry out express authority and accomplish the objective of the agency”(454). See, in business it is normal that a corporation acts with numerous agents to keep its business. Its directors, officers and employees are considered its agents provided that they act within the scope of their authority.

In this case Mr. B entered into an oral contract with Mr. A. Mr. A is a manager of one of the branches of Corporation X. He is considered to act with apparent authority in his business dealings. Included in his job is the checking of the inventories in their warehouse and supervising the deliveries made by each truck. He also has the duty to hire truck drivers and make sure that they are fit for their jobs. Though it is of normal business practice that Mr. A asks for a signing of a contract of agreement between the company and the clients in order to put the agreement in record and have the necessary insurance included in assuming the risk in case of loss, he failed to do the same in order to have his own business dealing. Mr. Y on the other hand cannot also claim that Mr. A is acting within his apparent authority and have the company liable. As provided in the facts, it was him who came to Mr. Y and requested for the delivery of his goods in a very short notice. He should be aware that in normal business practice having the goods delivered within 24 hours and without proper scheduling is unaccepted in his line of industry. He therefore cannot ask for claims of damages against the company because it is an assumption of risk in his part therefore he is in bad faith to enter in such scrupulous agreement and even bribing Mr. A with a secret profit.

3. Mr. B is said to be an independent contractor of Company X, as provided in their business profile, they engage the services of independent contractors in order to serve the volume of their clients better. But the question lies whether or not even if considered by the company as an independent contactor technically, is Mr. B indeed an independent contractor or considered an employee?
The relationship between employer and employee is that of agency. Miller and Jentz defines agency as provided in the Restatement (Second) of Agency as the “fiduciary relations which results from the manifestation of consent by one person to another that the other shall act in his behalf and subject to control and consent by the other so to act” (474). We can see in this definition that in order to have a proper agency relationship, what is important is the “fiduciary relationship” or what is defined to be the trust and confidence that a principal gives to its agent (474). Another element is the acting within the authority given by the principal as manifested by his consent.

Another theory provided in Section 2 of Restatement (Second) of Agency is an independent contractor which is defined as “a person who contracts with another to do something for him but who is not controlled by the other”. The distinction is very important, as certain rules on liability do not apply when the person hired is an independent contractor. There are numerous tests in order to determine employee-employer relationship but the same revolves around control. For example one of the tests includes the independence of the employee in doing his duties, 1.) if he works with continuous guidance or supervision then he will be considered as an employee 2) is the tools of trade used by the worker provided by the company or not?; 3.) the length of time and continuity of the job; 4.) the “method of payment” either by time period or by completion of the job, and lastly 5.)the degree of skill required, the less the skill required the more he would be considered as an employee (Miller and Gentz 447). If proven that there is no employee-employer relationship, the acts of the worker as an independent contractor and his negligent acts are within the liability of the independent contractor rather than employer corporation.

In this case Mr. B has been working for Company X since 2005. He owns his own truck but receives certain benefits from the company such as meal allowance, bonuses and reimbursements for expenses made in his deliveries. The gasoline expenses and continuous tire supply is also given to him as part of employment package. Though Mr. B owns his own truck and personally maintains his vehicle, he does this inside Company X’s compound and warehouse located in Plymouth, MA. He receives his salary every two weeks for the completed rounds he undertakes for such period and the company even provide liability insurance for the delivery of goods contracted by him. It is known that certain businesses improperly classify their employees in order to avoid payment of certain taxes and benefits provided by Labor laws. It is very clear that though Mr. B is considered by the company as an independent contractor, he is of all its essence an employee of the company. He operates his own truck but performs his duties under the control of the company, he reports to his immediate supervisor from time to time for the status of the goods to be delivered. Though he may not take the company’s business 100% of the time, it is provided in the business records that he has sufficiently served the company for at least 250 days a year. He is considered as an employee.

4 a. A corporation is liable for torts committed by its agents Miller and Gentz 553). The employer-employee or principal-agent relationship should be first determined before the corporation can be liable. As previously discussed, the officer must be a proper agent acting within the authority given to him by the corporation. In this case the question lies on whether or not Mr. A is considered an agent, though generally he is considered as one, when he entered into a secret contract he entered into it with his own risk. Therefore the liability of corporation X is limited only to acts made by its agents within its authority. The loss of goods of Mr. Y is not their liability, he himself was the one who offered the secret profit and is in bad faith himself. He cannot therefore claim damages for the loss and must assume the risk. He had knowledge that said agreement was only made between him and Mr. A, he is estopped in claiming damages against the company
4 b. On the other hand as for the liability of the corporation against the heirs of Mr. C the case is different.
A corporation is liable for the torts committed by its agents within the course and scope of their employment (Miller and Jentz 553). It is based on the doctrine of respondeat superior, in which the corporation as principal are liable for the negligent acts of its agent while in the performance of their course of employment. Therefore all acts made within the authority given by the corporation is under the corporations liability (454).

When Mr. B undertook the obligation to deliver the goods as requested by Mr. A, he acted with the belief that Mr. A was acting with apparent authority. Miller and Gentz defines apparent authority as when the principal makes a third party believe either through words or act that the agents has authority (454). In this case through out the years of Mr. B’s business dealings with Company X, Mr. A has always been the person to whom he reports to for any pending deliveries. It is also through Mr. A that he gets his salaries and all the necessary dealings required for his job. It is this reliance and belief of Mr. B that the job that was given to him was a proper contract within the metes and bounds of Mr. A as manager. In this case Company X is estopped in denying that its agent Mr. A acted outside of his authority, though reality is that he did act beyond his scope of powers as he entered into a secret dealing, such act was not known by Mr. B and therefore Company X is still liable for acts done within the required duties of Mr. B. As discussed in the case of Commonwealth v. Angelo Todesca Corp (2006), the Supreme Court “rejected the argument that corporations can be liable criminally for conduct of employees only if such conduct ‘was performed, authorized, ratified, adopted or tolerated by’ corporate officials or managers.” As also previously discussed the vicarious liability of the company for torts and crimes committed by its agents in the course of their employment is a product of the doctrine of respondeat superior which is found in Agency law (Lister v Romford Ice & Cold Storage Co. Ltd. (1957)).

In this case both Mr. B and Company X can be held criminally liable for vehicular homicide. Mr. B is liable because the proximate cause of the death of Mr. C is due to his driving and the defective tires. On the other hand Company X is also liable for providing the said tires. As discussed by Miller and Gentz on the summary case of Commonwealth v. Angelo Todesca Corp. (2006), there are three elements that are required to prove a corporation guilty of a criminal offense: “1. An individual commits a criminal offense; 2. At the time of commission, the individual is engaged in corporate business; and 3. The corporation vested the individual with the authority to engage in corporate business” (524). What Company X argues is that “a corporation could not be guilty of vehicular homicide because it cannot operate a vehicle (524). But as discussed in the case of Commonwealth the Legislative intent in including corporations within the definition of “person” regarding criminal liability proves that they are not excepted.
In this case Company X is criminally liable for vehicular homicide and is fined while Mr. B is convicted for the same.

Anlysis
In vehicular homicide cases although the person behind the wheel can be considered criminally liable for his negligent acts, the corporation is also known to have vicarious liability in the same for having his employee commit such negligent acts and for not acting with due diligence as required by law for supervising its employee. The tires were provided by the company itself, though it is up to its employees to keep the sufficient standard required in its trade, the same is also required that the company make sure that their employees has exercised proper diligence in the performance of their required duties. The company is reliable both for torts and is criminally liable for the negligent acts of its employees based on the doctrine of respondeat superior. But it must also be remembered in the case that the manager Mr. A entered into a contract with apparent authority from the company. In this case the company did not have any knowledge of the secret business dealing, but the heirs of Mr. C could only sue Mr. B the driver and company X. In this case a third party complaint may be filed against Mr. A as manager who entered in such unauthorized dealing. But this does not remove the corporations liability for having ostensible authority to third persons who were in good faith and did not have knowledge of the same. In such a case some jurisdictions tend to either limit their decision by having the company’s vicarious liability against the defendant and settle for reimbursement from its officer Mr. A or hold both Mr. A and Company X liable as joint tortfeasors.

Explaining Law : To Kill A Mocking Bird

To Kill A Mocking Bird by Harper Lee is so intricately woven that it virtually bagged a place as a classic novel : it appealed to a lot of readers around the world for the values it deeply upholds. In writing the book, the author drew inspiration from the environment and society once she grew up with. Depicting the real-life scenarios of Black people living in White society.

In the court scenario of Tom's (Black Guy's) Rape Trial for a White Girl—indeed it was convincingly clear that the jurors never relied and evaluated a set of evidence presented by the prosecution side. As can be gleaned, the Sheriff did not even presented a blotter or an incident report for that matter, more the victim did not even bolstered its case by a Medical Certificate indicating that the bruises she have had was due to the application of force against her will due to a threat against her person (Lee Chapter 17 and 18). Atticus Finch succeeded in destroying the prosecution's premise and verbal evidence against Tom during the cross-examination, but to know avail. Still, Atticus' client was adjudged to be guilty of the crime of rape despite of. In that case, prudence dictates that—proof “beyond reasonable doubt” is greatly needed in order to convict or hold a person responsible and liable for a crime and not just convict him for the reason that he is a Black Guy. In here, the legal issue involved is on the matter of “due process” which regular courts must adhere in the Rules of Evidence. Tom, was improperly convicted and made to suffer for a punishment he do not duly deserve for a crime that he never did committed. To me, having no respect for due process principle, meaning—one would be judged based on evidence presented would be and is interpreted to be a case of racial injustice. What can be inferred in the story was a 'mock' trial of Tom's case just to appear that a justice system is truly working equally for all irregardless of race, gender or class but proved us wrong. For what was expected of a case turned out to be an imprisonment for the innocent. Black Guys as can be dissected in the story were never treated that well. They were even shunned by the White Society not so much keeping in touch with them (Blacks). Getting married inter-racially at that time was a taboo—a White guy with a Black Woman, making their children a center of public ridicule. That was so mean a helpless situation. In the micro or real life level, in the words of Atticus' to his two children not judging people without getting into their lives, their very souls. And that is due process in its purest and simplest terms.

This principle of due process left unchecked or not applied —would lead to a greater damage or destruction which is the “destruction of innocence” where innocent people languished in jail for a truly false accusation. In the story, the mob or a group of White Man even wanted to summarily execute (lynch) Tom without the benefit of a trial—that is so unfair, for in a civilized world we are ruled by law, rules. Society in that time and in that scenario was putting the law into its hands and do not believe in institutions like courts ; but then, useless judiciary if there is no vivid rules to follow but judge people like Tom based on hasty generalization and not based on the weight of evidence presented. Poor Black Guys, who were never treated equally with the just application of the law in the civilized society. But, that was the law during those times and society was easy to adjudged if you are a Black Person because White People do believe that they are more superior than Blacks.

Another legal issue to point out is the concept of equal protection clause. That a group of person must be equally and justly treated alike without an inkling of unfairness. In which Strict Scrutiny Test is and must be the gauge in which every and each classification must be based in order to promote a compelling state interest (Cross and Miller 2009).

In this aspect and area of evaluation, great trust and confidence by the society will be given to the state if the government properly apply and use the theory of equal protection—meaning, people similarly situated must be treated alike.

The scenes depicted and portrayed speaks of a lot of social injustices afforded to the Black Society. In the era of great depression—the situation was overwhelmingly felt caused by the pain and agony of being racially discriminated by the society they dearly served. The Black Guy simply deserves the same protection a White Man do has. They deserve to be fairly and justly treated in all aspects the government and society do offer.

These things happening around the lives of Black People indeed gave rise to what they called Civil Liberties Movement for the Black People's Independence that ceased the racial injustices duly afforded. And by then, equal opportunities for work, education, public services and social services were duly extended.

In the words of Atticus', Justice is the great leveler of society that it must be afforded to his client ; the concept of due process and equal protection clause is not just one attribute of a Democratic Society but of a humane and enlightened society as well—for justice is the by product of all these rules and concepts.

Crime in Sports

Authors of this handbook have done a remarkable job by covering wide-ranging analysis of topics regarding sports and particularly media that has changed the whole scenario of sports in current era. Authors have focused primarily on the effects of media on sports, and crime or cheating in sports has been one of the significant impacts of media that has commercialized the sports industry enormously. One of the attributes of this handbook is consideration of different aspects of sports from historical to social, and from institutional to nonprofessional aspect. Moreover, the authors have attempted to include a wide range of studies regarding the issue that has resulted in increment of validity of this handbook. In order to understand the consequences of media on the sports industry, the authors have divided the handbook in different chapters that scrutinize the progress of sports industry along with media audiences that play a crucial role in the development of sports. Lastly, it is a significant scholarly piece of study regarding sports, media, and will be very valuable in understanding the role of media in creating factors of crimes in the industry.

Citation # 2
In brief, authors of this book have endeavored to illustrate the positive effects of sports on the human society. For such purpose, the authors have focused on factors, such as culture, language, values, principles, etc of a society, and have attempted to emphasize on the role of sports on such sociological factors of the society. Moreover, the book relates closely to the school and college life, and thus, roams around the topics like crime, violence, religion, etc to investigate the role of sports in reducing the levels of crimes and violence in any society. Besides focusing on the American sports industry, the author have tried to discuss sociological advantages of sports on international level that is significant quality of this book that will enable the researcher in understanding the relationship of sports and crime in a broad manner along with focus on other sociological factors as well.

Citation # 3
A scholarly piece of a PhD. student that has focused primarily on a case study of cheating in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. In this regard, the dissertation has attempted to understand the level of crime factor in sports industry by using a case study. However, one of the distinguishing factors of this scholarly piece is utilization of economic model of supply and demand, and relating it with the level of violations in NCAA. For such purpose, the researcher has used basic principles of economics related to crime, such as cartel theory that emphasizes on the impact of market power on cheating. In the result, the researcher has successfully created a theoretical model of crime related with sports to evaluate the role of market power in promoting cheating in the case study. Lastly, the researcher has identified a number of other factors that encourage athletes to involve in crimes in the sports, such as economic benefits and quick fame in the industry.

Citation # 4
Until now, a number of researchers and experts have attempted to evaluate the role of sports in the reduction of crime levels in regions around the world, and this book is part of this endeavor that has emphasized on the role of sports and recreational programs as a crime tackler. The author of this book has focused primarily on youth crimes, and specifically children below the age of eighteen years to investigate the effects of sports on young offenders in the society. Although the author has not been successful in providing empirical findings; however, the discussions in the book are critical and significant in understanding the definite impact of sports and its relationship with crimes and violence. A significant attribute of this book is its broad perspective as the author has included sports programs from the USA, UK, as well as Australia. Furthermore, this book includes several case studies, as well as comparisons of different sports programs and its relationship with crimes that is a significant attempt of the authors in the form of this book. Although a number of experts have investigated sports and crimes, however, this book is different due to its focus of youth crimes, youth sports programs, and different other factors, such as community, youth justice, and governmental policies.

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